Narrating the Crusades in Two Contemporary Novels: Ideology and Dialogue Between Eastern and Western Perspective
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17507/tpls.1501.23Keywords:
Crusades, Italian literature, Arabic literature, comparative literature, historical fictionAbstract
The Crusades, particularly the First Crusade, have long captivated the imagination of writers and poets in both the Christian West and the Muslim East. This study explores how the First Crusade is narrated and invoked in contemporary literature through a comparative analysis of two novels: The Awakening of the Knight by Egyptian author Mohamed Tarek (2022) and Jerusalem by Italian historian and novelist Andrea Frediani (2013). The research examines the relationship between these works and historical and literary sources on the Crusades, while also addressing their contemporary political and cultural resonances. The findings suggest that contemporary narratives, as exemplified by these two novels, oscillate between ideological uses of classic concepts of heroism and dichotomies such as good versus evil applied to modern contexts, and a more imaginative, entertaining approach that frames the Crusades as an epic, event-driven story in an attempt to bridge connections between East and West, suggesting the potential for intercultural dialogue and peacebuilding. The analysis underscores the enduring impact of the Crusades on contemporary thought and calls for further exploration of this historical period in modern cultural and civilizational discourse.
References
Al-Rabba’i, A. (2015). Al-Sahwa al-Islamiya: al-Khitab al-Hadathi al-Muwazi [Islamic Awakening: The Parallel Modern Discourse]. Alamat fi al-Naqd, 85, 325-330.
Al-Tahtawi, R. (2004). An Imam in Paris: Account of a Stay in France by an Egyptian Cleric (1826-1831). Translation by Daniel L. Newman. Saqi. London.
Augias, C. & Pesce, M. (2006). Inchiesta su Gesù [Investigation into Jesus]. Mondadori. Milano.
Ariosto, L. (2008). Orlando Furioso di Ludovico Ariosto raccontato da Italo Calvino [Orlando Furioso by Ludovico Ariosto narrated by Italo Calvino]. Mondadori. Milano.
Aydin, C. (2017). The Idea of the Muslim World: A Global Intellectual History. Harvard University Press.
Baroud, R. (2023). ‘Capital of Shatat’ in Palestinian agony”. Jordan Times. 8 August 2023. Retrieved September 21, 2024, from https://jordantimes.com/opinion/ramzy-baroud/%E2%80%98capital-shatat%E2%80%99-and-palestinian-agony-uncomfortable-truth-about-ain-al-hilweh.
Cerbo, A. (2011). Camões and Tasso: The East in the Heroic Poem. Between, 1(2), 1-21. https://doi.org/10.13125/2039-6597/284
Cull, N, J., Culbert, D. & Welch, D. (2003). Propaganda and Mass Persuasion, A Historical Encyclopedia, 1500 to the Present. ABC-CLIO. Santa-Barbara.
Eisenman, R. H. (1998). James, Brother of Jesus. The Key to Unlocking the Secrets of Early Christianity and the Dead Sea Scrolls. Penguins Books. New York.
Frediani, A. (2013). Jerusalem. Newton Compton Editori. Roma.
Gabrieli, F. (2009). Arab Historians of the Crusades. Translation by E. J. Costello. Routledge.
Hillenbrand, C. (2022). Islam and the Crusades: Collected Essays. Edinburgh University Press. https://doi.org/10.1515/9781474485920
Horswell, M. & Philipps J. (Eds.). (2018). Perceptions of the Crusades from the Nineteenth to the Twenty-First Century. Engaging the Crusades. Routledge.
Horswell, M. & Awan A. N. (Eds.). (2019). The Crusades in the Modern World. Engaging the Crusades. Routledge.
Kabbani, R. (1986). Europe’s Myths of Orient: Devise and Rule. Macmillan. London.
Knobler, A. (2006). Holy Wars, Empires, and the Portability of the Past: The Modern Uses of Medieval Crusades. Comparative Studies in Society and History, 48(2), pp. 293–325. doi:10.1017/S0010417506000120
Lenin, V. (1977). Lenin Collected Works. Progress Publishers. Moscow.
Mantel, H. (2015). Art of Fiction No. 226 (Interviewed by Mona Simpson). The Paris Review, 212 Retrieved September 21, 2024, from https://www.theparisreview.org/interviews/6360/the-art-of-fiction-no-226-hilary-mantel.
Marx, K. (1864). Inaugural address of the International Workingmen’s Association. Retrieved September 21, 2024, from https://libcom.org/library/inaugural-iwma. 1864.
Marx, K. & Engels, F. (2003). The Civil War in the United States. Portage Editions. Colorado.
Paul, N. & Yeager, S. (Eds.) (2012). Remembering the Crusades: Myth, Image, and Identity. (Rethinking Theory). Johns Hopkins University Press.
Pemberton, B. B. (2016). The Islamic view of the crusades and why it matters: historical and contemporary perspectives. In Hawai University International Conferences Science, Technology, Engineering, Art, Math and Educational, 2-26.
Riley-Smith, J. (1995). Religious Warriors. Reinterpreting the Crusades. The Economist, 23 December 1995. Retrieved September 21, 2024, from https://www.grailwerk.com/docs/economistarticle.html.
Said, E. (1978). Orientalism. Pantheon Books. New York.
Salvarani, R. (2012). Il Santo Sepolcro a Gerusalemme [The Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem]. Libreria Editrice Vaticana, Città del Vaticano.
Sokolov, O. A. (2022). Unsheathing Poet’s Sword Again: The Crusades in Arabic Anticolonial Poetry before 1948. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Asian and African Studies, 14(2), 335–351. https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu13.2022.211
Tarek, M. (2022). Sahwat al-Faris [The Awakening of the Knight]. Dar al-Muhtawa al-Arabi lil-Nasher. Cairo.
Tasso, T. (2009). Jerusalem Delivered. Translation by Max Wickert. Oxford University Press.
White House Archives. Retrieved September 21, 2024, from https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2001/09/20010916-2.html
Wolff, L. (2024). Giuseppe Verdi on the First Crusade: Italian Opera and Religious Warfare in the Middle East. Hudson Review, 76(4), 723–730.