The Impact of Online Task Planning Conditions on L2 Utterance Fluency and Self-Perceived Fluency: A Study of Chinese EFL Learners

Authors

  • Xu Han Universiti Putra Malaysia
  • Yasir Yahya Universiti Putra Malaysia
  • Ngee Thai Yap Universiti Putra Malaysia

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.17507/tpls.1412.09

Keywords:

online task planning, utterance fluency, perceived fluency

Abstract

This study examines the effects of online task planning conditions on L2 learners' utterance fluency and self-perceived fluency among Chinese EFL learners. Ninety participants were randomly assigned to Pressured Online Planning (POP), Unpressured Online Planning (UOP), and Hybrid Online Planning (HOP) groups. Participants completed a narrative task based on a Mr. Bean video clip under their respective planning conditions. Utterance fluency was measured using temporal and linguistic indicators, while self-perceived fluency was assessed through CEFR self-assessment and an Analytic Fluency Perception Scale. Results indicate that the hybrid condition yielded significantly higher speech and articulation rates, with fewer disfluencies compared to other conditions (p < .001). Notably, self-perceived fluency did not consistently align with objective measures or rater evaluations, particularly in the pressured condition. The study reveals complex relationships between task planning conditions, objective fluency measures, and learners' self-perceptions, contributing to our understanding of L2 speech production processes and informing task-based language teaching practices.

Author Biographies

Xu Han, Universiti Putra Malaysia

Department of English, Faculty of Modern Languages and Communication

Yasir Yahya, Universiti Putra Malaysia

Department of English, Faculty of Modern Languages and Communication

Ngee Thai Yap, Universiti Putra Malaysia

Department of English, Faculty of Modern Languages and Communication

References

Ahmadian, M. J., & García Mayo, M. del P. (2017). Recent Perspectives on Task-Based Language Learning and Teaching. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9781501503399

Aldrich, J. O. (2018). Using IBM SPSS statistics: An interactive hands-on approach. SAGE Publications.

Awwad, A., & Alhamad, R. (2021). Online task planning and L2 oral fluency: Does manipulating time pressure affect fluency in L2 monologic oral narratives? International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching, 0(0), 000010151520200178. https://doi.org/10.1515/iral-2020.0178

Bakhtiary, M. R., Rezvani, E., & Namaziandost, E. (2021). Effects of strategic and unpressured within-task planning on Iranian intermediate EFL learners’ oral production. Journal of Nusantara Studies (JONUS), 6(2), 97–115. https://doi.org/10.24200/jonus.vol6iss2pp97-115

Boersma, P., & Weenink, D. (2013). Praat software. Amsterdam: University of Amsterdam.

Bosker, H. R., Pinget, A.-F., Quené, H., Sanders, T., & de Jong, N. H. (2013). What makes speech sound fluent? The contributions of pauses, speed and repairs. Language Testing, 30(2), 159–175. https://doi.org/10/gnxxfn

Bygate, M. (2016). Sources, developments and directions of task-based language teaching. The Language Learning Journal, 44(4), 381–400. https://doi.org/10/gqmrb9

De Jong, N. H. (2018). Fluency in Second Language Testing: Insights From Different Disciplines. Language Assessment Quarterly, 15(3), 237–254. https://doi.org/10.1080/15434303.2018.1477780

de Jong, N. H., Pacilly, J., & Heeren, W. (2021). PRAAT scripts to measure speed fluency and breakdown fluency in speech automatically. Assessment in Education: Principles, Policy & Practice, 28(4), 456–476. https://doi.org/10.1080/0969594X.2021.1951162

Derwing, T. M., Munro, M. J., Thomson, R. I., & Rossiter, M. J. (2009). The Relationship Between L1 Fluency and L2 Fluency Development. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 31(04), 533. https://doi.org/10/b6pdcj

Ellis, R. (Ed.). (2005). Planning and task performance in a second language. John Benjamins Pub. Co.

Ellis, R. (2009). The Differential Effects of Three Types of Task Planning on the Fluency, Complexity, and Accuracy in L2 Oral Production. Applied Linguistics, 30(4), 474–509. https://doi.org/10/ddpgs5

Ellis, R. (2017). Position paper: Moving task-based language teaching forward. Language Teaching, 50(4), 507–526. https://doi.org/10/gjk48w

Fillmore, C. J. (1979). On fluency. In Individual differences in language ability and language behavior (pp. 85–101). Elsevier.

Foster, P. (2000). Measuring spoken language: A unit for all reasons. Applied Linguistics, 21(3), 354–375. https://doi.org/10/dmd8tm

Foster, P., & Skehan, P. (1997). Modifying the task: The effects of surprise, time and planning type on task based foreign language instruction. Thames Valley Working Papers in English Language Teaching, 4, 86–109.

Gu, Q., & Van den Branden, K. (2024). The effects of two methods of on-line planning on L2 task-based speaking performance and strategy use. Language Teaching Research, 13621688241239460. https://doi.org/10.1177/13621688241239460

Hasnain, S., & Halder, S. (2023). Task-based language teaching approach for improving speaking fluency: Case study of trainee teachers in west Bengal. World Futures, 79(7–8), 747–775. https://doi.org/10.1080/02604027.2021.1996189

Housen, A., & Kuiken, F. (2009). Complexity, Accuracy, and Fluency in Second Language Acquisition. Applied Linguistics, 30(4), 461–473. https://doi.org/10/b53crr

Housen, A., Kuiken, F., & Vedder, I. (2012). Dimensions of L2 Performance and Proficiency: Complexity, Accuracy and Fluency in SLA. Language Learning & Language Teaching. Volume 32. Language Learning & Language Teaching (MS). https://doi.org/10/gqmt6k

Hsu, H. C. (2017). The Effect of Task Planning on L2 Performance and L2 Development in Text-Based Synchronous Computer- Mediated Communication. Applied Linguistics, 38(3), 359-385.

Johnson, M. D., & Abdi Tabari, M. (2022). Task Planning and Oral L2 Production: A Research Synthesis and Meta-analysis. Applied Linguistics, 43(6), 1143–1164. https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/amac026

Joo, M. (2022). Effects of pre-task and on-line planning on complexity, fluency, and accuracy in computer-based English speaking and writing tests. Korean Journal of English Language and Linguistics, 22, 938-956.

Khatib, M., & Farahanynia, M. (2020). Planning conditions (strategic planning, task repetition, and joint planning), cognitive task complexity, and task type: Effects on L2 oral performance. System, 93, 102297. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2020.102297

Kim, N. (2018). The Effects of Online Planning on CAF in L2 Spoken and Written Performance. English Teaching, 73(3), 3–28. https://doi.org/10.15858/engtea.73.3.201809.3

Kim, N. (2020). Conditions and tasks: The effects of planning and task complexity on L2 speaking. Journal of Asia TEFL, 17(1), 34-40.

Kormos, J. (2006). Speech production and second language acquisition. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Kormos, J., & Dénes, M. (2004). Exploring measures and perceptions of fluency in the speech of second language learners. System, 32(2), 145–164. https://doi.org/10/cmhpnk

Lambert, C., Aubrey, S., & Leeming, P. (2021). Task Preparation and Second Language Speech Production. TESOL Quarterly, 55(2), 331–365. https://doi.org/10/gnj7zq

Lampropoulou, L. (2023). The use and impact of pre-task planning time in the monologic task of LanguageCert speaking tests. Language Education & Assessment, 6(1), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.29140/lea.v6n1.1180

Lennon, P. (1990). Investigating fluency in EFL: A quantitative approach. Language Learning, 40(3), 387–417. https://doi.org/10/bqbw5k

Levelt, W. J. (1989). Speaking: From intention to articulation. MIT press.

Long, M. H. (2016). In Defense of Tasks and TBLT: Nonissues and Real Issues. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, 36, 5–33. https://doi.org/10/gjk48x

McDonough, K., & Sato, M. (2019). Promoting EFL students’ accuracy and fluency through interactive practice activities. Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching, 9(2), 379–395. https://doi.org/10/gqmsx9

Nielson, K. B., & DeKeyser, R. (2019). Working memory and planning time as predictors of fluency and accuracy. Journal of Second Language Studies, 2(2), 281–316. https://doi.org/10.1075/jsls.19004.bro

Norris, J. M., & Ortega, L. (2009). Towards an organic approach to investigating CAF in instructed SLA: The case of complexity. Applied Linguistics, 555–578. https://doi.org/10/ds7cjr

Panahzadeh, V., & Asadi, B. (2019). On the Impacts of Pressured vs. Unpressured On-line Task Planning on EFL Students’ Oral Production in Classroom and Testing Contexts. Eurasian Journal of Applied Linguistics, 5(3), 341–352. https://doi.org/10.32601/ejal.651267

Qiu, X., & Bui, G. (2022). Pre-task planning effects on learner engagement in face-to-face and synchronous computer-mediated communication. Language Teaching Research, 13621688221135280. https://doi.org/10.1177/13621688221135280

Riggenbach, H. (1991). Toward an understanding of fluency: A microanalysis of nonnative speaker conversations. Discourse Processes, 14(4), 423–441. https://doi.org/10.1080/01638539109544795

Robinson, P. (2001). Task complexity, task difficulty, and task production: Exploring interactions in a componential framework. Applied Linguistics, 22(1), 27–57. https://doi.org/10/d2tjx3

Robinson, P. (2005). Cognitive Complexity and Task Sequencing: Studies in a Componential Framework for Second Language Task Design. IRAL - International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching, 43(1), 1–32. https://doi.org/10/b88cmt

Robinson, P. (2007). Criteria for classifying and sequencing pedagogic tasks. Investigating Tasks in Formal Language Learning, 7, 26.

Robinson, P. (2015). The Cognition Hypothesis, second language task demands, and the SSARC model of pedagogic task sequencing. In M. Bygate (Ed.), Task-Based Language Teaching (Vol. 8, pp. 87–122). John Benjamins Publishing Company. https://doi.org/10.1075/tblt.8.04rob

Robinson, P. J. (Ed.). (2011). Second language task complexity: Researching the cognition hypothesis of language learning and performance. John Benjamins Pub. Co.

Rossiter, M. J. (2009). Perceptions of L2 Fluency by Native and Non-native Speakers of English. The Canadian Modern Language Review, 65(3), 395–412. https://doi.org/10.3138/cmlr.65.3.395

Sadeghi, K., Mousavi, M. A., & Javidi, S. (2017). Relationship Between EFL Learners’ Self-Perceived Communication Competence and Their Task-Based and Task-Free Self-Assessment of Speaking. Journal of Research in Applied Linguistics, 8(2), 31-50.

Saito, K., Ilkan, M., Magne, V., Tran, M. N., & Suzuki, S. (2018). Acoustic characteristics and learner profiles of low-, mid- and high-level second language fluency. Applied Psycholinguistics, 39(3), 593–617. https://doi.org/10/gfr22w

Segalowitz, N. (2010). Cognitive bases of second language fluency. Routledge.

Skehan, P. (1998). A Cognitive Approach to Language Learning. OUP Oxford.

Skehan, P. (2009). Modelling Second Language Performance: Integrating Complexity, Accuracy, Fluency, and Lexis. Applied Linguistics, 30. https://doi.org/10/bq67g4

Skehan, P. (2014). The context for researching a processing perspective on task performance. In Processing Perspectives on Task Performance (pp. 1–26). John Benjamins.

Skehan, P. (2015). Limited attention capacity and cognition. Two hypotheses regarding second language performance on tasks. InM. Bygate (Ed.), Domains and directions in the development of TBLT (pp. 123–156). Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins.

Skehan, P. (2016). Tasks versus conditions: Two perspectives on task research and their implications for pedagogy. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, 36, 34–49. https://doi.org/10/gqmrhc

Suzuki, S., & Kormos, J. (2022). The multidimensionality of second language oral fluency: Interfacing cognitive fluency and utterance fluency. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 1–27. https://doi.org/10/gqmsxk

Suzuki, S., Kormos, J., & Uchihara, T. (2021). The Relationship Between Utterance and Perceived Fluency: A Meta‐Analysis of Correlational Studies. The Modern Language Journal, 105(2), 435–463. https://doi.org/10/gjvx8h

Tavakoli, P. (2016). Fluency in monologic and dialogic task performance: Challenges in defining and measuring L2 fluency. International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching, 54(2). https://doi.org/10/gnxxgh

Tavakoli, P., & Hunter, A.-M. (2018). Is fluency being ‘neglected’ in the classroom? Teacher understanding of fluency and related classroom practices. Language Teaching Research, 22(3), 330–349. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362168817708462

Tavakoli, P., Nakatsuhara, F., & Hunter, A. (2020). Aspects of Fluency Across Assessed Levels of Speaking Proficiency. The Modern Language Journal, 104(1), 169–191. https://doi.org/10.1111/modl.12620

Ur, P. (2013). Language-teaching method (67(4), 468-474.). ELT Journal.

Van Os, M., De Jong, N. H., & Bosker, H. R. (2020). Fluency in Dialogue: Turn‐Taking Behavior Shapes Perceived Fluency in Native and Nonnative Speech. Language Learning, 70(4), 1183–1217. https://doi.org/10/gqmszb

Wang, Z., Skehan, P., & Chen, G. (2019). Q1-The effects of hybrid online planning and L2 proficiency on video-based speaking task performance. Instructed Second Language Acquisition, 3(1), 53–80. https://doi.org/10.1558/isla.37398

Yuan, F., & Ellis, R. (2003). The Effects of Pre-Task Planning and On-Line Planning on Fluency, Complexity and Accuracy in L2 Monologic Oral Production. Applied linguistics, 24(1), 1-27.

Downloads

Published

2024-12-04

Issue

Section

Articles