An Exploration of Gender Discrimination and the Quest for Feministic Identity in Angami Culture in Easterine Kire’s A Terrible Matriarchy and Mari
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17507/tpls.1310.17Keywords:
Angami tribe, Gender stereotypes, matriarchal, patriarchal, subjugationAbstract
Nagaland is one of the significant political divisions of India, which is geographically divided into eight states. The cultures of India's northeastern states are distinctive. Each state is discrete regarding its custom, diverse culture, and language. As such, Nagaland, too, is rich and varied in cultural heritage, housing 16 distinct tribes, each with its lingo-African language. Extending the premise of social realism, this paper critically examines the fictional works of Easterine Kire, namely Mari and A Terrible Matriarchy. It brings out the social disparity and injustices meted out to the women's community of the Angami tribes. This research paper focuses on social injustice, matriarchal oppression, and sexual molestation as prevalent in the Angami tribal culture. This work ventures to spread awareness and educate the Angami tribal community on their enshrined prerogatives and the restitution of their emancipation in northeast India while unearthing some of the squalid working conditions of the tribal labour community. The novels Mari and A Terrible Matriarchy deal with social realism, the literary mode of choice in the nineteenth century. It also vividly portrays how the Nagaland community has been plundered and smeared by battle and bloodshed.
References
Arya Sekhar, L. R. (2018). Divulgence of Naga Culture Through the Concoction of Supernatural and Universal Wisdom in Easterine Kire’s When the River Sleeps and Son of The Thundercloud, Quest Journals Journal of Research in Humanities and Social Science, 6(6), 01-06.
Biswas & Sabarmati. (2016). Being Mari: Identity and Becoming in Easterine Kire s Mari. International Journal of English Language and Humanities, 4(6), 138–147.
Devi, L. G. (2021). Writing Lives, Re-membering History in Easterine Kire's Mari. Journal of Comparative Literature and Aesthetics, 44(4), 34-44.
Gour & Tripathi, Dr. S. (2021). Native culture and gender politics in Nagaland: A study of Easterine iralu a terrible matriarchy. Smart Moves Journal Ijellh, 9(2), 97–105. https://doi.org/10.24113/ijellh.v9i2.10909.
Jamir, A. (2021, October). The subjugation of women in Northeast India. Jelly Endeavour, xii(4), 96–99. A Semester, M. A. F., Gandhi, I., & Open, N. (2021).
Karki, R. (2019, February). Theoretical Perspectives on Easterine. A Dissertation Submitted by Sikkim University.
Karmakar, G. (2021). Revisiting the Ideological Stance of Naga People: An Interview with Easterine Kire. South Asian Review, 43 (3-4), 366-372. doi:10.1080/02759527.2021.1886408
Kire Easterine. (2007). A Terrible Matriarchy. Delhi: Zubaan Books.
Kire Easterine. (2010). Mari. Harper Collins.
Lata Devi, M., & Kalita, Dr. P. (2021). Crisis of Identity and Insurgency for Homeland: A Study of Nagaland in the Writings of Easterine Kire and Temsula Ao. Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research, 8(12), 159–169.
Longkumer, I. W., & Menon, N. (2021). Return of the sprits an interview with Easterine Kire, English: Journal of the English Association, 0(0), 1–12. https://doi.org/doi: 10.1093/English/efz028.
Luikham, A. S. (2020). Examining the emergence of feminist consciousness in the select fiction of Contemporary North East Women Writers. Rupkatha Journal on Interdisciplinary Studies in Humanities, 12(5), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.21659/rupkatha.v12n5.rioc1s17n4.
Mahanta, B. (2017, November). Gender Inequality in North East India. SSRN Electronic Journal. doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2202044.
Mill, J. (1896). “The Subjection of Women.” J.B. Lippincott Company.
Nyori, B. R. (2021). The Metamorphosis of a Female Subject into a Gendered Subject: A Study of Easterine Iralu’s Terrible Matriarchy. Rupkatha Journal, 13(3). doi: 10.21659/rupkatha. v13n3.24
Patton, W. M. (2018, January). The Fictional Narratives of Easterine Kire: A New Historicist Study 31. Research Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, 31-37. http://www.arsartium.org
Pegu, T. (2021). A Feminist Reading of Easterine Kire’s Mari. Palarch’s Journal of Archaeology of Egypt/Egyptology 18, 18(1), 3961–3967. (Pegu, 2021).
Rahamatulla & Kumar, Prof. D. (2022, November). North-East Naga Tribal Women: A Saga of Their Struggle and Victory in Easterine Kire’s a Terrible Matriarchy. 12(4). International Journal of Current Science (IJCSPUB), 12(4), 235–241. https://doi.org/www.ijcspub.org.
Rengma, S. S. (2016). Women Vis-À-Vis Politics and Insurgency in Northeast India: A Reading of Mitra Phukan’ s The Collector’s Wife and Easterine Kire’ s A Terrible Matriarchy, International Journal of Innovative Research and Advanced Studies (IJIRAS), 3(9), 35-38.
Roy, S. (2015, July). Gender Politics & Discrimination in Post-Colonial Nagaland with Special Reference to Easterine Kire’s. Language in India, 15(7). www.languageinindia.com
Roy, S. (2020, October). Retracing Deep Ecology in reorientating of ’an identity with special reference to the select works of Easterine Kire Iralu. Rupkatha Journal on Interdisciplinary Studies in Humanities, 12(5). doi:10.21659/rupkatha12n5.rioc1s17n5.
Sema, A., & Pathak, Dr. D. (2019). Retentiveness of War and Peace in the lives of Naga people with special reference to Easterine kire’s Mari. International journal of English language, literature and translation studies (IJELR), 6(4), 117–119. https://doi.org/doi: 10.33329/ijelr.64.117.
Singh, S. M. (2021, May). Man, Nature, and War: A Post-pastoral Perspective of Easterine Kire’s Mari. Literary Oracle -A Journal of the Department of English, Berhampur University, Odisha, India, 4 Issue(1), 104-111.
Tripathi, V. G. (2020, November 11). Easterine Kire Iralu’s Mari: A Historical Narrative of the Forgotten Battle of Kohima. Smart Moves Journal IJELLH, 8(11), 24-34. DOI: https://doi.org/10.24113/ijellh.v8i11.10831
VeioPou, K. B. (2018, October 1). Remains of the Past: History, Diary, and Collective. Journal of North India Studies, 8(2). http://www.jneis.com.
Victor, V. & Vijayakumar M. (2022, December). The Dystopian Scourge of Women in Gilead Society as Portrayed in Margaret Atwood’s The Handmaid's Tale. Theory and Practice in Language Studies, 12(12), 2704-2711.
Victor, V. & Vijayakumar M. (2023, Jan). Distorted and Victimized Women’s life in Margaret Atwood’s The Handmaid's Tale. Studies in Media and Communication, 11(1). doi:10.11114/ SMC.vol-11- No1.5752.
