“Good Morning, Fokoamau”: An Analysis of the Addressing Terms in Pancana Language

Authors

  • La Ino Halu Oleo University
  • Akhmad Marhadi Halu Oleo University
  • Arman Halu Oleo University
  • Fina Amalia Masri Halu Oleo University
  • Maliudin Halu Oleo University
  • Rasiah Halu Oleo University
  • Nirmalasari Halu Oleo University
  • Samsul Halu Oleo University
  • Sri Suryana Dinar Halu Oleo University
  • Wa Ode Halfian Halu Oleo University
  • Rahmat Gaho Universitas Warmadewa

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.17507/tpls.1310.13

Keywords:

addressing terms, greetings in pancana language, language maintenance, local language revitalization

Abstract

This study uses a qualitative approach that focuses on analyzing greeting expressions used by the Pancana community. The location of this research is Watumobote Village, Kapontori District, Buton Regency. The research data obtained is spoken language, which is then transcribed. Data was collected using interview and observation methods. The results of the study show that the commonly used forms of addressing in the Pancana language consist of several forms that are adapted to kinships, such as a) Addressing in family relations, b) Addressing in society, c) Addressing in an official setting, and d) Addressing due to uniqueness or certain characteristics. The addressing system in the Pancana language is used according to several considerations, namely the position of the speaker and the interlocutor, the gender of the speaker and the interlocutor, the age of the speaker and the interlocutor, kinship, and the speaker’s situation. Addressing in the Pancana language can occur either directly or indirectly.

Author Biographies

La Ino, Halu Oleo University

Language and Literature Department, Faculty of Humanities

Akhmad Marhadi, Halu Oleo University

Anthropology Department, Faculty of Humanities

Arman, Halu Oleo University

Language and Literature Department, Faculty of Humanities

Fina Amalia Masri, Halu Oleo University

Language and Literature Department, Faculty of Humanities

Maliudin, Halu Oleo University

Language and Literature Department, Faculty of Cultural Sciences

Rasiah, Halu Oleo University

Language and Literature Department, Faculty of Humanities

Nirmalasari, Halu Oleo University

Language and Literature Department, Faculty of Humanities

Samsul, Halu Oleo University

Language and Literature Department, Faculty of Humanity

Sri Suryana Dinar, Halu Oleo University

Department of Indonesian Language, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education

Wa Ode Halfian, Halu Oleo University

Language and Literature Department, Faculty of Humanities

Rahmat Gaho, Universitas Warmadewa

Linguistics Department

References

Abdelhadi, M. (2018). Language Maintenance Factors: Reflections on the Arabic Langauge. Asia Pacific Journal of Advanced Business and Social Studies, 4(1), 340–351. doi:10.25275/apjabssv4i1ss9

Ambady, N., Koo, J., Lee, F., & Rosenthal, R. (1996). More Than Words: Linguistic and Nonlinguistic Politeness in Two Cultures. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70(5), 996–1011. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.70.5.996

Babbie, E. (2016). The Practice of Social Research. Teaching Sociology (14th ed.). Boston: Cengage Learning. doi:10.2307/1318433

Badan Pusat Statistik. (2010). Kewarganegaraan, Suku Bangsa, Agama, dan Bahasa sehari-hari PenduduK Indonesia: Hasil Sensus PenduduK 2010 [Citizenship, Ethnicity, Religion, and Daily Language of the Indonesian Population: Results of the 2010 Population Census]. Jakarta: Badan Pusat Statistik Republik Indonesia.

BPS Kabupaten Buton. (2022). Kecamatan Kapontori Dalam Angka [Kapontori Subdistrict in Figures 2022]. Buton: Badan Pusat Statistik Kabupaten Buton.

Brenzinger, M. (2006). Language Maintenance and Shift. Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics, (March), 542–549. doi:10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/01289-X

Brodkin, D. (2022). Two Steps to High Absolutive Syntax: Austronesian Voice and Agent Focus in Mandar. Journal of East Asian Linguistics, 31(4), 465–516. doi:10.1007/s10831-022-09248-0

Brown, P., & Levinson, S. C. (1988). Politeness: Some Universals in Language Usage. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.2307/3587263

Budiarta, I. W., & Gaho, R. (2021). Deixis Analysis on Zootopia Movie Script: A Pragmatic Study. Indonesian Journal of Language Teaching and Linguistics, 6(3), 261–274. doi:10.30957/ijotl-tl.v6i3.682.Deixis

Choudhury, M. U. I., Emdad Haque, C., & Doberstein, B. (2021). Adaptive Governance and Community Resilience to Cyclones in Coastal Bangladesh: Addressing the Problem of Fit, Social Learning, and Institutional Collaboration. Environmental Science and Policy, 124(July), 580–592. doi:10.1016/j.envsci.2021.08.007

Chung, S. (2008). Indonesian Clause Structure from An Austronesian Perspective. Lingua, 118(10), 1554–1582. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lingua.2007.08.002

Crouch, S. E. (2009). Voice and Verb Morphology in Minangkabau, a Language of West Sumatra, Indonesia Sophie. Group. University of Western Australia.

Das, A., & Herring, S. C. (2016). Greetings and Interpersonal Closeness: The Case of Bengalis on Orkut. Language and Communication, 47(January), 53–65. doi:10.1016/j.langcom.2015.12.003

Dunn, C. D. (2011). Formal Forms or Verbal Strategies? Politeness Theory and Japanese Business Etiquette Training. Journal of Pragmatics, 43(15), 3643–3654. doi:10.1016/j.pragma.2011.06.003

Duranti, A. (1997). Universal and Culture-Specific Properties of Greetings. Journal of Linguistic Anthropology, 7(1), 63–97.

Duthler, K. W. (2006). The Politeness of Requests Made Via Email and Voicemail: Support for the Hyperpersonal Model. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 11(2), 500–521. doi:10.1111/j.1083-6101.2006.00024.x

Dwyer, W., Ibe, C. N., & Rhee, S. Y. (2022). Renaming Indigenous Crops and Addressing Colonial Bias in Scientific Language. Trends in Plant Science, 27(12), 1189–1192. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tplants.2022.08.022

Elfiondri, Zaitul, & Rina, N. (2021). Tradition, Cultural Contact and English for Tourism: the Case of Mentawai, Indonesia. Heliyon, 7(6), 1–8. doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07322

Espinola-Klein, C. (2017). The Difference Between Men’s And Women’s Conversation Styles. Vasa, 46(4), 237–238. doi:10.1024/0301-1526/a000629

Fernández-Mallat, V. (2020). Forms of Address in Interaction: Evidence from Chilean Spanish. Journal of Pragmatics, 161(April), 95–106. doi:10.1016/j.pragma.2020.03.006

Fukada, A., & Asato, N. (2004). Universal Politeness Theory: Application to the Use of Japanese Honorifics. Journal of Pragmatics, 36(11), 1991–2002. doi:10.1016/j.pragma.2003.11.006

Gafaranga, J. (2011). Transition Space Medium Repair: Language Shift Talked Into Being. Journal of Pragmatics, 43(1), 118–135. doi:10.1016/j.pragma.2010.08.001

Gandhawangi, S. (2023). 59 Bahasa Daerah Akan Direvitalisasi [59 Regional Languages Will Be Revitalized]. Retrieved 25 April 2023, from https://www.kompas.id/baca/humaniora/2023/02/13/59-bahasa-daerah-akan-direvitalisasi-di-2023

Grenoble, L. A., & Whaley, L. J. (2006). Saving Languages: An Introduction to Language Revitalization. Cambridge: Cambri University Press.

Hafidin, R. (2022). Kajian Etnografi Komunikasi pada Bentuk Sapaan Kader Himpunan Mahasiswa Islam (HMI) [Ethnographic Study of Communication on Greeting Forms of Cadres of the Islamic Student Association (HMI)]. Deskripsi Bahasa, 5(2), 111–120. doi:https://doi.org/10.22146/db.v5i2.5753

Hassall, T. (2013). Pragmatic Development During Short-Term Study Abroad: The case of Address Terms in Indonesian. Journal of Pragmatics, 55, 1–17. doi:10.1016/j.pragma.2013.05.003

Hatfield, H., & Hahn, J.-W. (2011). What Korean Apologies Require of Politeness Theory. Journal of Pragmatics, 43(5), 1303–1317. doi:10.1016/j.pragma.2010.10.028

Hendriks, B., van Meurs, F., & Kakisina, B. (2023). The Effects of L1 and L2 Writers’ Varying Politeness Modification in English Emails on L1 and L2 Readers. Journal of Pragmatics, 204(December), 33–49. doi:10.1016/j.pragma.2022.12.006

Hidayatullah, M. (2021). Peran Orang Tua dalam Melestarikan Bahasa Pancana Di Kelurahan Lakudo [The Role of Parents in Preserving the Pancana Language in Lakudo Village]. KAREBA: Jurnal Ilmu Komunikasi, 10(2), 127–137.

Hidayatullah, M., Bahfiarti, T., & Fatimah, J. M. (2020). The Effect of Family Communication Intensity To the Children’s Knowledge Level of Pancana Language. RETORIKA: Jurnal Bahasa, Sastra, Dan Pengajarannya, 13(1), 1–10. doi:10.26858/retorika.v13i1.9803

Ino, L., A.R.G, Y., & Samsul. (2021). Relationship Tolaki Language and Taloki Language (Lexicostatistic Study). Atlantis Press, 622(1), 33–26.

Jary, M. (1998). Relevance Theory and the Communication of Politeness. Journal of Pragmatics, 30(1), 1–19. doi:10.1016/s0378-2166(98)80005-2

Kádár, D. Z., & Mills, S. (2011). Politeness in East Asia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511977886

Kemendikbud. (2022). Revitalisasi Bahasa Daerah Wujud Gotong Royong Seluruh Pemangku Kepentingan [Revitalization of Regional Languages as a Form of Mutual Cooperation of All Stakeholders]. Retrieved 25 April 2023, from https://www.kemdikbud.go.id/main/blog/2022/07/revitalisasi-bahasa-daerah-wujud-gotong-royong-seluruh-pemangku-kepentingan

Krug, M. G., & Schlüter, J. (2013). Research Methods in Language Variation and Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9781107415324.004

Lee, A. J., Mason, M. F., & Malcomb, C. S. (2021). Beyond Cheap Talk Accounts: A Theory of Politeness in Negotiations. Research in Organizational Behavior, 41, 100154. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.riob.2021.100154

Leech, G. (2014). The Pragmatics of Politeness. New York: Oxford University Press Inc. doi:10.4324/9781315857381

Lockwood, H. M., & Saft, S. L. (2016). Shifting Language Ideologies and the Perceptions of Hawai‘i Creole among Educators at the University Level in Hawai‘i. Linguistics and Education, 33, 1–13. doi:10.1016/j.linged.2015.11.001

Miles, M. B., Huberman, A. M., & Saldaña, J. (2014). Qualitative Data Analysis: A Methods Sourcebook (3rd ed.). United States of America: SAGE Publications, Inc.

Mondada, L. (2018). Greetings as a Device to Find Out and Establish the Language of Service Encounters in Multilingual Settings. Journal of Pragmatics, 126, 1–19. doi:10.1016/j.pragma.2017.09.003

Moradi, R. (2017). Sociolinguistic Aspects of the Speech Act of Greeting in Persian and English. Bulletin de La Société Royale Des Sciences de Liège, 86(Special edition), 294–303. doi:10.25518/0037-9565.6724

Nilsson, J., Norrby, C., Bohman, L., Marian, K. S., Wide, C., & Lindström, J. (2020). What is in a Greeting? The Social Meaning of Greetings in Sweden-Swedish and Finland-Swedish Service Encounters. Journal of Pragmatics, 168(July), 1–15. doi:10.1016/j.pragma.2020.06.007

Parkinson, J. (2020). On the Use of the Address Terms Guys and Mate in an Educational Context. Journal of Pragmatics, 161, 81–94. doi:10.1016/j.pragma.2020.03.003

Pinto, D. (2008). Passing Greetings and Interactional Style: A Cross-Cultural Study of American English and Peninsular Spanish. Multilingua, 27(4), 371–388. doi:10.1515/MULTI.2008.017

Polili, A. W., Sinar, T. S., Widayati, D., & Adisahputra, A. (2018). The Status of Nias Language. Journal of Arts and Humanities, 7(1), 8–22. doi:10.18533/journal.v7i1.1123

Rahayuni, N. K. I., Maharani, P. D., & Candra, K. D. P. (2022). Directive Illocutionary Acts in Venom: Let There Be Carnage Movie. Austronesian: Journal of Language Science & Literature, 1(3), 150–157.

Rendle-Short, J. (2007). ‘Catherine, You’re Wasting Your Time’: Address Terms within the Australian Political Interview. Journal of Pragmatics, 39(9), 1503–1525. doi:10.1016/j.pragma.2007.02.006

Ritchie, J., & Lewis, J. (2003). Qualitative Research Practice: A Guide for Social Science Students and Researchers. Journal of Social Intervention: Theory and Practice. London: Sage Publication Ltd. doi:10.18352/jsi.39

Romaine, S. (2006). Reversing Language Shift. Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics, 568–571. doi:10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/01301-8

Sallabank, J. (2010). Language Endangerment: Problems and Solutions. A Technological World, (Special Issue), 50–87.

Saz-Rubio, M. M. del. (2023). Assessing Impoliteness-Related Language in Response to a Season’s Greeting Posted by the Spanish and English Prime Ministers on Twitter. Journal of Pragmatics, 206(February), 31–55. doi:10.1016/j.pragma.2023.01.010

Spencer-Oatey, H. (2018). Transformative Learning for Social Integration: Overcoming the Challenge of Greetings. Intercultural Education, 29(2), 301–315. doi:10.1080/14675986.2018.1425828

Sun, J., Wu, T., Jiang, Y., Awalegaonkar, R., Lin, X. V., & Yang, D. (2022). Pretty Princess vs. Successful Leader: Gender Roles in Greeting Card Messages. Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems - Proceedings. doi:10.1145/3491102.3502114

Susiati. (2020). Dialektometri Segitiga: Hubungan Kekerabatan Bahasa di Sulawesi Tenggara (Bahasa Wakatobi, Bahasa Cia-Cia, Bahasa Pancana, Bahasa Kioko, Bahasa Tolaki) [Triangular Dialektometry: The Relationship of the Family of Language in South Sulawesi (Wakatobi Langu. OSF Preprints, 2–18.

Susylowati, E. (2020). Bentuk Kata Sapaan dalam Bahasa Jawa di Kraton Surakarta Hadiningrat (Kajian Sosiolinguistik) [Forms of Greeting Words in Javanese at Kraton Surakarta Hadiningrat (Sociolinguistic Study)]. SPHOTA: Jurnal Linguistik Dan Sastra, 12(1), 34–42.

Tainio, L. (2011). Gendered address terms in reproach sequences in classroom interaction. Linguistics and Education, 22(4), 330–347. doi:10.1016/j.linged.2010.09.004

Tobing, R. L. (2013). How to Say “HELLO” in Indonesian Language (Teaching Indonesian Address Term). Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 103, 449–458. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.10.359

Travis, L. deMena. (2008). Bahasa Indonesia: A Window on Parameters. Lingua, 118(10), 1583–1602. doi:10.1016/j.lingua.2007.08.010

Uzuegbunam, N., Wong, W. H., Cheung, S. C. S., & Ruble, L. (2018). MEBook: Multimedia Social Greetings Intervention for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders. IEEE Transactions on Learning Technologies, 11(4), 520–535. doi:10.1109/TLT.2017.2772255

Waldvogel, J. (2007). Greetings and Closings in Workplace Email. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 12(2), 456–477. doi:10.1111/j.1083-6101.2007.00333.x

Wei, L. (2010). The Functions and Use of Greetings. Canadian Social Science, 6(4), 56–62.

Wilson, N. (2010). Bros, Boys and Guys: Address term Function and Communities of Practice in a New Zealand Rugby Team. New Zealand English Journal, 24(1999), 37–57.

Zagötö, S. (2018). Variasi Bahasa Nias: Sebuah Kajian Dialektologi. Dissertation. Universitas Sumatera Utara.

Zaim, M. (2014). Metode Penelitian Bahasa: Pendekatan Struktural. Padang: UNP Press Padang.

Zeff, B. B. (2016). The pragmatics of Greetings: Teaching Speech Acts in the EFL Classroom. English Teaching Forum, 54(January), 2–11.

Downloads

Published

2023-10-02

Issue

Section

Articles