Kafkaesque Transformations in Murakami Haruki’s Noruwei no Mori: An Intertextual Analysis

Authors

  • Ida Ayu Laksmita Sari Udayana University
  • Novy Rainy Udayana University

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.17507/tpls.1607.22

Keywords:

intertextuality, Kafkaesque, Murakami Haruki, Noruwei no Mori, literary analysis

Abstract

This study investigates Kafkaesque transformations in the novel Noruwei no Mori (Norwegian Wood) by Murakami Haruki, a prominent Japanese literary figure, using an intertextual approach. The research aims to identify how Kafkaesque narrative features are transformed and recontextualized within modern Japanese literary discourse. Employing a qualitative, text-focused method, the analysis draws on intertextual theory, particularly the concepts of hypogram and literary transformation, to examine narrative structure, thematic patterns, and stylistic elements in the novel. The findings indicate that Kafkaesque characteristics in Noruwei no Mori appear through narrative complexity, the distortion of reality, and a subdued yet unsettling narrative voice. These elements are not direct imitations but are adapted to express themes of alienation, memory, and emotional dislocation relevant to postwar Japanese society. The study demonstrates how intertextual transformation functions as a creative strategy in Murakami’s writing and contributes to discussions on the interaction between Western literary traditions and contemporary Japanese literature.

References

Allen, G. (2000). Intertextuality. Routledge.

Aminah, S. (2015). Dinamika Kesusastraan Jepang Modern: Ambiguitas antara Tradisi dan Modernitas [The Dynamics of Modern Japanese Literature: Ambiguity between Tradition and Modernity]. In Prosiding Seminar Internasional: Kajian Jepang dari Perspektif Sosial Humaniora [Proceedings of the International Seminar: Japanese Studies from a Socio-Humanities Perspective] (pp. 1-15).

Baik, J. (2010). Murakami Haruki and the historical memory of East Asia. Inter-Asia Cultural Studies, 11(1), 64-72. https://doi.org/10.1080/14649370903403603

Bakhtin, M. M. (1981). The dialogic imagination: Four essays (M. Holquist, Ed.; M. Holquist & C. Emerson, Trans.). University of Texas Press.

Barthes, R. (2016). The death of the author. In Readings in the Theory of Religion (pp. 141-145). Routledge.

Chowdhury, S. N. (2022). Why Haruki Murakami resonates with young readers. The Daily Star. Retrieved October 10, 2025, from https://www.thedailystar.net/daily-star-books/news/why-murakami-resonates-young-readers-2937896

Cruz, E. C. (2018). An Intertextual Study of Haruki Murakami’s Kafka on the Shore. Smart Moves Journal IJELLH, 6(9), 205-222. https://ijellh.com/index.php/OJS/article/view/4980

Cruz, E. C. (2019). Memories and Mindscapes: An Intertextual Study of Haruki Murakami’s Norwegian Wood. IAFOR Journal of Arts & Humanities, 6(1), 75-86. https://doi.org/10.22492/ijah.6.1.07

De Oliviera, M. V. X. (2024). Human Rights and the pedagogy of fear: a reading of “In the construction to the Great Wall of China” from Kafka. TELOS: Revista de Estudios Interdisciplinarios en Ciencias Sociales, 26(1), 215-227. https://doi.org/10.36390/telos261.14

Finer, L. B. (2007). Trends in Premarital Sex in the United States, 1954–2003. Public Health Report, 122(1), 73-78. https://doi.org/10.1177/003335490712200110

Gérard, G. (1997). Palimpsests: Literature in the second degree (Channa Newman & Claude Doubinsky, Trans.). University of Nebraska Press.

Gordon, J. (1984). Nagel or Camus on the absurd? Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 45(1), 15–28. https://doi.org/10.2307/2107324

Greenberg, M. (1965). The Terror of The Art: Franz Kafka and Modern Literature. Andre Deutsch Ltd.

Hammond, C. A. (2012). Soldier and His Suitcase: Karl Rossmann's Arrival in and Delivery from Kafka's Amerika. Pacific Coast Philology, 47(2), 52–74. https:// doi.org/10.2307/41851034

Homma, K. (2003). Natsume Soseki and His Study of English Literature. Doshisa Studies Language and Culture, 5(4), 201-223.

Karl, F. R. (1993). Franz Kafka: Representative Man. Ticknor & Fields.

Kerby, A. P. (1991). Narrative and the Self. Indiana University Press.

Konkiewitz, E. C., & Ziff, E. B. (2018). Dissociation, Delusion and the Splitting of the Self in The Trial by Franz Kafka: Phenomenology and Neurobiology of Schizophrenia. Front Neurol Neurosci, 43(4), 196–220. https://doi.org/10.1159/000490450

Kristeva, J. (1980). Word, dialogue and the novel (T. Gora, A. A. Jardine, & L. S. Roudiez, Trans.). In L. S. Roudiez (Ed.), Desire in language: A semiotic approach to literature and art (pp. 64–91). Columbia University Press.

Kundera, M. (2003). The Art of the Novel (L. Asher, Trans.). HarperCollins.

Kurnia, A. (2019). Ensiklopedia Sastra Dunia [Encyclopedia of World Literature]. Diva Press.

Lee, K. K. (2018). Reimagining the Kafkaesque: The Individual and the Collective Consciousness in Murakami’s “Kafka on The Shore”. Virginia Review of Asian Studies, 20(1), 152–165. https://www.asia-studies.com/asia/VCAS/2018/10-Lee-Kafkaesque.pdf

Linh, O. M. T., & Duy, N T. (2024). Existential Characteristics in Ta Duy Anh’s Works and The Ideological Influence of Franz Kafka. International Journal of Religion, 5(10), 945-952. https://doi.org/10.61707/ktg41n92

McLelland, M. J. (2010). “Kissing is the Symbol of Democracy!” Dating, Democracy and Romance in Occupied Japan 1945-1952. Journal of the History of the Sexuality, 19(3), 508-535. https://doi.org/10.1353/sex.2010.0007

Murakami, H. (n.d.). Interview. BookBrowse. Retrieved December 22, 2025, from https://www.bookbrowse.com/author_interviews/full/index.cfm/author_number/1103-haruki-murakami

Pascal, R. (1982). Kafka’s Narrators: Study of His Stories and Sketches. Cambridge University Press.

Peters, M. (2024). Kafka as Literature of the Absurd. In Michael Y. Bennett (Ed.), The Routledge Companion to Absurdist Literature (pp. 53-62). Routledge.

Potik, D. (2023). Existential issues in the fictional writing of Haruki Murakami. International Journal of Applied Psychoanalytic Studies, 21(6), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1002/aps/1844

Pujarama, I. C., & Hapsari, N. E. (2023). Kajian Intertekstual Novel Rainbirds Karya Clarissa Goenawan dengan Tsukuru Tazaki Karya Haruki Murakami [An Intertextual Study of the Novel Rainbirds by Clarissa Goenawan and Tsukuru Tazaki by Haruki Murakami]. Jurnal Literasi, 7(2), 274-282. http://dx.doi.org/10.25157/literasi.v7i2.11656

Rainy, N. (2023). Murakami’s Wells and the Unconscious. Medium. Retrieved October 17, 2025, from https://novyrainy.medium.com/from-surface-to-submerged-murakamis-wells-and-the-unconscious-b32aa1e4c12e

Ratna, N. K. (2004). Teori, Metode, dan Teknik Penelitian Sastra [Theory, Methods, and Techniques of Literary Research]. Pustaka Pelajar.

Saotome, T. (2010). The Reality of Sexuality for Teenage Girls in Japan. Journal of the Japan Medical Association, 138(5), 279-284. https://www.med.or.jp/english/activities/pdf/2010_05/279_284.pdf

Sheykhi, H., & Alibonasi, S. E. (2023). The usage of the plot and characterization in Bulgakov’s “The Master and Margarita” and Murakami’s “Kafka on the Shore”. Research in Contemporary World Literature, 28(2), 615-641. http://doi.org/10.22059/jor.2022.346895.2335

Sierra, M., & Berrios, G. E. (2000). The Cambridge Depersonalization Scale: A New Instrument for the Measurement of Depersonalization. Psychiatry Res, 93(3), 153–164. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0165-1781(00)00100-1

Sinha, K., & Meher, G. (2006). Shamanic Healing and Altered States of Subconscious in Murakami’s Fictions. International Journal for Multidisciplinary Research, 5(6), 1-7.

Suherman, E. (2004). Dinamika Masyarakat Jepang dari Masa Edo Hingga Pascaperang Dunia II [The Dynamics of Japanese Society from the Edo Period to the Post–World War II Era]. Humaniora, 16(2), 201-210. https://doi.org/10.22146/jh.819

Susanto, S. (2021). Kritikus Adinan Budi Darma Rasa Kafka [The Short Story “Critic Adinan” Budi Darma: A Kafkaesque Sensibility]. Retrieved November 7, 2025, from https://borobudurwriters.id/kolom/kritikus-adinan-budi-darma-rasa-kafka/

Uddin, M. J. (2023). Exploring the Depths of Modern Life as Reflected in Franz Kafka's the Metamorphosis. IUBAT Review – A Multidisciplinary Academic Journal, 6(2), 131-157. https://doi.org/10.3329/iubatr.v6i2.71313

Wasihun, B. (2014). The Name “Kafka”: Evocation and Resistance in Haruki Murakami’s Kafka on the Shore. MLN Comparative Literature Issues, 129(5), 1199-1216. https://doi.org/10.1353/mln.2014.0101

Worton, M., & Still, J. (1991). Intertextuality: Theories and Practices. Manchester University Press.

Yamada, M. (2009). Exposing the Private Origins of Public Stories: Narrative Perspective and the Appropriation of Selfhood in Murakami Haruki's Post-AUM Metafiction. Japanese Language and Literature, 43(1), 1-26. https://www.jstor.org/stable/20720558

Yang, L., & Ting, C. (2016). Study on the Artistic Heritage of Kafka form Haruki Murakami’s Kafka. In International Conference on Humanity, Education and Social Science (ICHESS) 2016 (pp. 585-589). Atlantis Press.

Yeung, V. (2016). Time and Timelessness: A Study of Narrative Structure in Murakami Haruki’s Kafka on the Shore. Mosaic: An Interdisciplinary Critical Journal, 49(1), 145-160. https://www.jstor.org/stable/44030501

Zed, M. (2004). Metode Penelitian Kepustakaan [Library Research Methods]. Yayasan Obor Indonesia.

Downloads

Published

2026-07-03

Issue

Section

Articles