Literary Language in Early Islamic Poetry: From Pre-Islamic Bravado to Refined Expression

Abstract

This study examined how poetic language among the Arabs transformed after the advent of Islam, and how the word, which in the pre-Islamic era was a tool of pride and warfare, became, in the Early Islamic Era, a means of education and refinement. Poetry was not abolished; rather, it redirected linguistic expression toward serving values and ethics. The study analysed selected poems by prominent poets such as Ḥassān ibn Thābit, Kaʿb ibn Zuhayr, and Labīd ibn Rabī‘ah, who lived through both eras. The results showed that these poets are clear examples of this transition, as they succeeded in maintaining linguistic strength while achieving stylistic refinement. Their poetry before Islam was marked by vigor, verbal prowess, and great tribal pride, often expressed through exaggerated language. However, with the arrival of Islam, the context changed, and the poets adopted a new tone—one of humility and faith—and began using poetry to defend truth and promote principles. The findings also revealed changes in terminology, a calmer and more thoughtful rhetorical style, and a shift in focus from pride to meaning. The poet came to realise the weight of his words and viewed them as a responsibility. The refinement of language reflects the broader cultural and theological transformation experienced by the Arabs. The significance of this study lies in clarifying the connection between language and values, demonstrating how words can build rather than destroy, and showing how Arabic literature evolved from hyperbole and conflict to wisdom and harmony.