From Emoticons to Emotions: Investigating the Communicative Impact of Emojis and GIFs
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17507/tpls.1602.30Keywords:
emojis, GIFs, social media, digital, communicationAbstract
In recent decades, the rapid growth of computer-mediated communication has created new ways to express emotions, including using simple keyboard symbols like emoticons. This research examined how communicative intention through emojis and GIFs would affect perceptions of communicative efficiency and politeness among users of online communication. The SEM results highlight that emojis and GIFs both serve as powerful non-verbal indicators and significantly augment digital discourse's tone and intelligibility. This work empirically supports the argument that emojis and GIFs act as pragmatic markers that not only increase communicative efficiency but are also critical in determining perceptions of politeness in online interaction. The results add to a new field of digital sociolinguistics and highlight the crucial role that multimodal semiotics plays in determining online communicative practice. As digital communication develops further, these visual components are likely to take an even more pivotal position in ensuring civility, relationship management, and facilitating mutual understanding across virtual landscapes.
References
Albert, G. (2020). Beyond the binary: Emoji as a challenge to the image-word distinction. Visualizing digital discourse, 65-80.
Ali-Chand, Z., & Naidu, R. (2024). Exploring the Impact of Emojis on Paralanguage in Social Media Communication among University Students. English Language Teaching, 17(9), 1-84.
Aporbo, R. (2022). Decoding the linguistic functions of emoji: A discourse analysis of Messenger chats. International Journal of Research Publications, 111(1), 16.
Bai, Q., Dan, Q., Mu, Z., & Yang, M. (2019). A systematic review of emoji: Current research and future perspectives. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 2221. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.0222.
Bay, M. (2022). The political life of GIFs: The common emotional displays that let us disagree more consummately on social media. InVisible Culture, 34. https://doi.org/10.47761/ivc.34.2022.0003
Cao, R., Wang, J., & Xue, S. (2024). Face emojis vs. non-face emojis: Exploring neural mechanisms in text processing. Biological Psychology, 193, 108898. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2024.108898
Cavalheiro, B. P., Prada, M., & Rodrigues, D. L. (2024). Examining the effects of reciprocal emoji use on interpersonal and communication outcomes. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 41(8), 2147-2168.
Cunha, J. M., Lourenço, N., Martins, P., & Machado, P. (2020). Visual blending for concept representation: A case study on emoji generation. New Generation Computing, 38(4), 739-771.
Danesi, M. (2019). Emoji and the expression of emotion in writing. In The Routledge Handbook of Language and Emotion (pp. 242-257). Routledge.
Du Plessis, T. (2020). Interpretation of emojis in organisational Computer-Mediated Communication (CMC) contexts [Doctoral dissertation]. Stellenbosch: Stellenbosch University.
Elder, A. M. (2018). What words can’t say: Emoji and other non-verbal elements of technologically-mediated communication. Journal of Information, Communication and Ethics in Society, 16(1), 2-15.
Erle, T. M., Schmid, K., Goslar, S. H., & Martin, J. D. (2022). Emojis as social information in digital communication. Emotion, 22(7), 1529–1543. https://doi.org/10.1037/emo0000992.
Ferrari, E. (2023). The study of emoji linguistic behaviour: an examination of the theses raised (and not raised) in the academic literature. Communication & Society, 115-128.
Giannoulis, E., & Wilde, L. R. (2019). Emoticons, kaomoji, and emoji: The transformation of communication in the digital age. In Emoticons, Kaomoji, and Emoji (pp. 1-22). Routledge.
Hung, Y. W., & Higgins, S. (2016). Learners’ use of communication strategies in text-based and video-based synchronous computer-mediated communication environments: Opportunities for language learning. Computer-assisted language learning, 29(5), 901-924.
Ifantidou, E. (2014). Pragmatic competence and relevance. John Benjamins Publishing Company. https://doi.org/10.1075/pbns.245
Jiang, J. A., Brubaker, J. R., & Fiesler, C. (2017, May). Understanding diverse interpretations of animated GIFs. In Proceedings of the 2017 CHI Conference, extended abstracts on human factors in computing systems (pp. 1726-1732).
Li, L., & Wang, X. T. (2023). Nonverbal communication with emojis in social media: dissociating hedonic intensity from frequency. Language resources and evaluation, 57(1), 323-342.
Micle, V. D., & Mudure-Iacob, I. (2024). Creating communicative context through the use of emojis and politeness in online academic written interactions. Studia Universitatis Babeș-Bolyai Philologia, 69(3), 207–228. https://doi.org/10.24193/subbphilo.2024.3.12
Miltner, K. M., & Highfield, T. (2017). Never gonna GIF you up: Analyzing the cultural significance of the animated GIF. Social Media + Society, 3(3), 2056305117725223. https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305117725223
Noor, A., Waheed, A., Gull, N., Khattak, A., Rehman, S. U., & Noor, A. (2025). Speech Acts and Politeness Strategies In Online Communication: A Pragmatic Analysis of Social Media Interaction; A Review Study. Journal of Applied Linguistics And Tesol (JALT), 8(1), 641-646.
Otajonova, D. (2025). Non-Verbal Means of Communication: Semantics of Extralinguistic and Paralinguistic Components of Text. Current Research Journal of Philological Sciences, 6(01), 31-42.
Saggese, D. (2023, October). Beyond words: The neuroscientific and multifaceted world of non-verbal communication in modern society. Preprints. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202310.0036.v1
Sampietro, A. (2020). Use and interpretation of emoji in electronic-mediated communication: A survey. Visual Communication Quarterly, 27(1), 27-39.
Sasamoto, R. (2023). Perceptual resemblance and the communication of emotion in digital contexts: A case of emoji and reaction GIFs. Pragmatics, 33(3), 393-417.
Seargeant, P. (2019). The Emoji Revolution: How technology is shaping the future of communication. Cambridge University Press.
Setyawan, H., & Musthafa, B. (2024). Contemporary Issues in Linguistics: A Systematic Literature Review on Emoji and Emoticon. Elsya: Journal of English Language Studies, 6(3), 315-326.
Stockl, H., Caple, H., & Pflaeging, J. (2020). Shifts toward Image-Centricity in Contemporary Multimodal Practices: An Introduction. In Shifts towards Image-centricity in Contemporary Multimodal Practices (pp. 1-16). Routledge.
Tandyonomanu, D. (2018). Emoji: representations of nonverbal symbols in communication technology. In IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering (Vol. 288, No. 1, p. 012052). IOP Publishing.
Tang, Y., & Hew, K. F. (2019). Emoticon, emoji, and sticker use in computer-mediated communication: A review of theories and research findings. International journal of communication, 13, 2457-2483.
Tang, Y., & Hew, K. F. (2018). Emoticon, emoji, and sticker use in computer-mediated communications: Understanding their communicative function, impact, user behavior, and motive. In New Media for Educational Change: Selected Papers from HKAECT 2018 International Conference (pp. 191-201). Springer Singapore.
Troiano, G., & Nante, N. (2018). Emoji: What does the scientific literature say about them?-A new way to communicate in the 21st century. Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment, 28(4), 528-533.
Udoudom, U., William, G., Igiri, A., Okon, E., & Aruku, K. (2024). Emojis and miscommunication in text-based interactions among Nigerian youths. Journal of Informatics and Web Engineering, 3(1), 226-240.
Westbrook, F. (2023). How to Analyse Emojis, GIFs, Embedded Images, Videos, and URLs: A Bakhtinian Methodological Approach: Profiling Emerging Research Innovations. Video Journal of Education and Pedagogy, 8(1), 1-25.
West, S. G., Taylor, A. B., & Wu, W. (2012). Model fit and model selection in structural equation modeling. Handbook of structural equation modeling, 1(1), 209-231.
Wu, D., Zhang, X., & Zhang, X. (2024). Is there an intergenerational discrepancy in the comprehension and aesthetic preference regarding emoji usage? Evidence from WeChat. Frontiers in Psychology, 15, Article 1424728. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1424728.
Zhou, Z. (2023). VibEmoji: Exploring User-authoring Multi-modal Emoticons in Social Communication [Master's thesis]. University of Waterloo.